Leson nef (9)

Yay!

The direct object
The direct object of singular nouns, adjectives and pronouns (and some correlatives) will take UNstressed -en; replacing the final vowel on adjectives, and the correlatives ending in -o and attached to nouns ending in a consonant, the subject pronouns, and the correlative series that end in -u, -i:
bonen, moven, denen, mien, kuten.  The plural ending for nouns is -ien.  Accusative plural for adjectives is derived via an old form in which the plural is indicated by -s-, thus -sen:  boni, bonisen.  Kili, kilisen.  The accusative of adjectives (both singular and plural) is only used when the adjective is not directly in front of the noun;  this is usually only when the adjective is in an appositive relationship with the noun it modifies, or when the meaning is nominal.  Mi vider sa kili gulien, nu sa likisen. 

To place emphasis on the object pronoun, use the pre-verb pronoun in addition to the "full" form pronoun after the verb.  To place emphasis on an object noun, use the pre-verb pronoun in addition to  the object noun.


The correlatives ending in -i and -u (kuti, kutu, etc) take the full suffix -en to form their accusative.

The common German/Slavic device of using the accusative to denote movement to a place is NOT used in Govoro.  We say "A kute ti idar?"  Where are you going (to)?  "Mi isidar sa buken a su sa pol"  I set the book onto the floor.

Sa kan sirer sa visiken.  The dog bit the man.  Because of the accusative ending, this sentence can be arranged as Sirer sa kan sa visiken, sa visiken sirer sa kan, sa visiken sa kan sirer, etc. without confusing the subject and object.
Ni vider sa xiroki tabien:  We saw the wide tables.
Li gufar mien  He mocks me.

It will be noted that an attributive adjective occurring directly before the noun it modifies rarely takes the plural/accusative ending(s) and somewhat less rarely the plural nominative ending.  The only time these endings are used on adjectives in the pre-noun position are to avoid any ambiguity.

Direct object form of personal pronouns
The personal pronouns, when used as direct objects, have two forms, one with -en attached, as above (mien, tien, lien, nien, vien, zien) and another, used mainly in high style speech, but also by some speakers (mostly Romance speakers, in imitation of their native languages):  mo, to, lo, no, vo, zo; me, you, him/her/it, us, you, them, placed directly in front of the conjugated verb.  The writer/creator of Govoro (who, incidentally, is a native English speaker) prefers this latter form, but don't let that sway you; if you wish to use the "full" form (mien, tien, etc) do so.  Neither form is incorrect.

In sentences with an infinitive compliment taking the direct object pronoun (I want to serve you), the "full" form is used overwhelmingly, except in the very highest style.  Mi kerar dina tien will be the only form seen in ordinary use. The student will see Mi kerar dina-to  Even more rarely he will see To kerani dina in the Bible or in "legalese."  This is NOT to be imitated.

Ni lubar lien/Ni lo lubar  We love him/her/it.
Sa pes komar mufen.  The fish eats a fly.
Mi beber boni/bonen cajen  I drank good tea
Kuten ti delor?   What will you do?
Ci ti imar fanisi pojelien?  Do you have clean cups?

1.  Ci to ravar sa caj?  Anu, ki mo ravar sor file.
2.  Kuten ti komor?  Mi komor pesen.
3.  Ci tui pes esar boni?  Anu, ki esar boni kaj mi esar zufi koma kien.
4.  Kuten ti bebor, Her?  Mi bebor cajen.
5.  Ci nu to ravar kaf?  Nu, Her, mo ravar caj ma cem kaf.
6.  Kuti kerar beba piven (beer)?  Mi axar, ke mui patik bebor piven.
7.  Kuten ti imar en sa potir?  En mui potir mi imar piven.
8.  Kuten ti imar en sa piv?  En sa piv mi imar mufen.
9.  De kute idanar atutu muf?  Ki kurer su sa tab kaj idaner a mui potir.
10. Ci tui potiro esar fanisis, Herin?  Anu, Her, mi xutam imar fanisi potirien.
11.  Ci esar nisti, ke lini imar xutam fanisi potirien?  Nu, mui kim, mi nu jedar atuten.
12.  Herino, ci vui potiro esar toxe fisis?  Ni nu avar potirien.
13.  Ci niste vi nu imar potirien?   Nu, ni imar pojelien, oti ni bebar cajen.
14.  Ci sa caj, kutuen ti bebar, esar boni?  Anu, ale, ejdene, ni beber ma boni cajen.
15.  Kutam ti eser en atutu jad?  Ni eser atute ejdene.
16.  Ci sa mufo komar pesien?  Nu, mui kim, ale sa mufien komar peso.
17.  Ci sa peso komar covekien?   Nu pize, ale sa pesien komar pize coveko.
18.  Kuten ti delor ojdene?  Ojdene, mi cezor ku mui kuzo.
19.  Ci ti lubar tui kuzien?  Anu, mi lubar zien (or mi zo lubar), ale mi lubar noxe mui boni kimien.
20.  Ci ti lubar tui tadiken?  Anu, mi lubar lien (or mi lo lubar) file, kaj toxe li mo lubar mien.
21.  Ci atutu herin lanubar tui josinen?  Anu, mi axar atuten, oti li esar sor zaneki ku li.
22.  Kutuen ti lubar?  Mi lubar fili covekien, kutis nu mo lubar mien.