Decofti leson (18th lesson)

Unlike Esperanto, Russian, German, and other languages, the accusative is NOT used as an indicator of direction.  In other words, "I am going into the house" (which in the other languages, "house" would appear in the accusative/objective case), the Govoro equivalent is "mi idar A en sa hus"  "I am going to in the house".

Also, in contrast to Esperanto, Govoro does not allow for prepositions to be replaced by the accusative:

Mi alasar isto despin deno.  I will stay (during) 15 days.
Li ider a Pariz.  He went to Paris.
Tuto kostar po ce dolaro.  That costs (at the rate of) 3 dollars.
pakua - to obey

1.  Kutom de deno ti alaser su sa gor?  Mi alaser tute isto dec deno.
2.  Kutom de deno ti alasor en nui hus?  Mi axar, ke mi potor alasa nu maj cem po ce deno.
3.  Ci ti idor ojdene a London?  Nu, herik, mi nu idor a London, oti mi nu imar zaten por tuto.
4.  Ci ti tiger sole dum pin sedeno xe tui tadik?  Nu, mi tiger xe li file ma fadi zaten.
5.  Kutom kostar atutu buk?  Atutu kostar sole duoni dolaren.
6.  Kutom de zat ti kerar alasa en nui vik?  Mi nu kerar alasa ma cem par sedeno.
7.  Kute ti eser?  Mi eser en London.
8.  A kute ti idar?  Mi idar a Pariz.
9.  A kute kurar atutu xat?  Li kurar a sa kenun.
10.  Ci ti toxe idar a tute?  Anu, mo nadar ida a tute xobe vida mui kimen, kutu kenar sa ifanien.
11.  Kutel ti deler tui canezen?  Mi kien cele nu deler, oti mo nader ida a Berlin kaj alaser tute dum du fadi sedenien.
12.  Kutam ti kien delor?  Mi delor kien kutam mi amor majej de zat.
13.  Kutel ti exar, Herin?  Mi exer jankeli ejdene, Herik, sed ajdene mi axar, ke mi potor ida a sa jad.
14.  Ci esar niste, ke sa josik de tutu herik idar tutel vite a sa vik?  Anu, esar niste, oti li kurer isto sa tutu zat.

Leson defsep (17) / Defsepi leson

Ordinal numbers ("first", "155th" etc.) are created simply by adding -i to the numeral or variant thereof (third = cevi; eighth = ofti):  unui first;  sat pidec pini 155th.

FRACTIONS are formed by adding -on:  a half, duon;  a quarter, paron;  9/10, nef decono.

MULTIPLES are formed by adding -ol:  double, duoli;  times 4, parole;

DISTRIBUTIVES add -ope:  by twos, duope.

Any of the above can be made into adjectives, adverbs or nouns by the usual derivational rule for creating adjectives, adverbs and nouns:  devduo, dozen;  unue,  firstly, in the first place; duone,  by halves.



Unui,  first                    
Ceve,   thirdly
Dui,   second
Duo  duet
Cedec sisi 36th.
Sa satolo,   the hundred-fold
Cevon,  a third.
Po dec sento po xutu,  at the rate of 10 cents for each one (note the preposition used in Govoro)
Decon,  a tenth
Duoni mel,  a half an apple (lit; "a half apple"), can also be expressed as duon de mel.
Duoli,  double
Parole,  quadruply
Unue,  Firstly
Telosi,  last
Celi,  whole, entire
Devduo de ajo,  a dozen eggs.
zuka  to visit
jokala  to invite

ganeba- to receive

1.  Kutu esar sa unui en tui kenunel?  Mui amik, Pawlo, esar pize sa unui.
2.  Kutomi ti esar?  Mi esar sa decunui, ale nu sa telosi.
3.  Ci ti idanor peva ku ni ajsere?   Anu, sed unue mo* nadar serkoma.
4.  Kuten ti delor ojdene?  Ojdene mi unue matinkomor, due mi idor a sa jad, ceve mi zukor vien kaj pare, mi jokalor vien xobe (in order to) denkoma ku ligi kimo.
5.  Ci ti ganeber boni melen?  Mi nu ganeber celi melen, sed nur duonen.
6.  Kutom de melo ti imar?  Mi imar par melien kaj ce parono de mel.
7.  Ci ti beber celi pojelen de caj?  Nu, mi ec nu beber paronen de mui caj.
8.  Kutom esar sa decol de pin?  Ki esar pidec.
9.  Kutom esar satole ce parono?  Ki esar sedec pin.
10.  Kutu eser en tui kip ejdene miaze?  Ni imer tute decon de zeki herinien, xutus kimo de mui velin.
11.  Ci vi cele deler vui canezen?  Nu, Herik, mi kien sole duone deler.
12.  Ci ti poter koma tutu kuken kaj tutu melien? Nu, sa kuk eser duone komebi, ale sa melo eser cele nukomebis.
13.  Kutu movar sa je fanade ejsere?  Mi axar, ke tui patik mover je fanade; xutu ali heriko mover cevole maj fade cem li.
14.  Kutom ti gebor a tutu infaniko ju zui canez?  Mi gebor a xutu po dec sento.



* "nada" means "to have to" but is an ergative verb, meaning the "logical subject"(the person on whom the obligation falls)  is in the ACCUSATIVE case and not the nominative:  mO nadar: I have to....;  vO nadar, you all have to.....

Leson defsis (16) / Defsisi leson

CARDINAL NUMBERS are invariable:

1,  unu,  2  du,  3  ce (combining form:  cev-),  4  par, 5 pin,  6  sis,  7 sep,  8 of,  9  nef,  10 dec                         

The numerals between 12 and 17 and also 19  have modifications to the "10" component:  11  decunu,   12 devdu, 13 defce,  14  dexpar,  15 dexpin,  16 desis,   17 desep,  18  decof,  19 denef.

The numerals 40, 50, etc, again, have modifications for the tens place number:    dudec, cedec, padec, pidec, sidec, sedec, odec, nedec.  

The numerals 400 -  900 have the same modification in the hundreds place as 40 - 90 have in the 10s place:  200  dusat,  300  cesat,    400  pasat,    500   pisat,   600  sisat,   700  sesat,   800  osat,   900  nesat

1000  mil

Numerals between the multiples (below 999) are created by simple juxtaposition of the elements:  56   pidec sis,   437  pasat cedec sep,  7261  sep mil dusat sidec unu.  As can be seen by this past example, "mil" is usually written separately from the number that modifies it, even though, according to the rules, it should be attached to the numeral preceding it.

"million" is "bin"

And finally, "-ole" meaning "multiplied by"causes no modifications since it starts with -o-:  duole par esar of.   2 x 4 is 8.

Kutom de jelo?  How many years?
Kutom esar cevole par?  How much are 3 times 4?

Kutomi esar sa cas?  What time is it?  (Which"th" is the hour?)
Esar sa pari cas.     It's four o'clock ((it) is the fourth hour).
Esar sa pari cas kaj despin.  It's 4:15.


1.  Kutom da ifano imar sa jodaj?   Li imar par infanien.
2.  Kutom da ifano idar a nui kenun?  Sat cedec unu idar a nui kenun.
3.  Kutom da ifaniko kenar sa kenaj?  Li kenar pidec ce ifanien.
4.  Ci esar ma file ifanino?  Anu, ni imar sedec of ifaninien en sa kenun.
5.  Kutom da ifanino esar en xuti kenunel?  Esar padec en unu kenunel kaj cedec of en sa ali.
6.  Kutom esar despin kaj cedec du?  Ki esar padec sep.
7.  Kutom esar sepole dudec?  Ki esar sat padec.
8.  Kutom esar devduole nef?  Ki esar sat of.
9.  Kutom esar sepole pidec ce? Ki esar pin mil cesat.
10. Kutom de kenajien imar tui tadik?  Li imar ce kenajinien, du dinajinien kaj unu kipaj, kuto esar sis dinajien.
11.  Kutom de jado vi vidar?  Mi nu vidar filisen; mi axar, ke mi vidar dudec jadien.
12.  Kutom de coveko esor xe vi ojdene?  Ni imor ojdene xe ni cedec herinien kaj dudec of herikien.