Dudec unui leson

 21.  Dudec unui Leson:  High and Colloquial Govoro

The linguistic form you've been learning up to now is the colloquial form of Govoro (CG).  There is also a "High Govoro" (HG) used mainly in oratory (including sermons), literature, official newscasts , but also in addressing the Royal Family and Peers of the Realm, and any other person to whom the speaker owes particular deference, i.e. your boss while at work, your teacher while at school (past primary school) or an extreme elder.  It is up to each higher ranking person whether you need to continue using High Govoro outside of the expected usage.  Conversely, those to whom High Govoro is expected, may very often tell you to use the colloquial form.  However, the Royal Family and Peers, according to rank, should ALWAYS be addressed in High Govoro while in public. Everyone should address every member of the RF in HG, even in private, but non-peers are expected to address members of the minor peerage in HG while in public, but very often can get away with using CG in private, even without a specific invitation.  Typically the higher, and to a lesser extent, older a specific peerage is, the more likely you will address the Peer in HG without a specific invitation to use CG.  Addressing peers is quite tricky, so it's best to use HG unless asked by the peer to use CG.  

It should be noted that among certain religious sects which hold the "brotherhood of man" as a distinctive, High Govoro is eschewed (even the -ni form for mi x-ar) not used at all, even with the royal family.  Some of the more conservative of these also have their own version of the Bible written in Colloquial Govoro.

There are three aspects of High Govoro in use:  Personal verb endings, inflected forms of direct and indirect object pronouns, and extensive use of adverbials.  Indirect object pronouns (me, te, le, ne, ve, ze) are very rarely heard outside high oratory (sermons, the Grand Duke's addresses to Parliament, and official speeches in Parliament).  The text of Acts of Parliament, the Bible, and liturgical texts are always printed/declaimed in High Govoro using all three aspects ("full HG").

The personal verb endings are:  

1s - -ni            1p - -nci
2s - -jki            2p - -jku
(3s - -r)           3p - -nku

The verb is pro-drop in High Govoro, i.e. the subject pronoun is dropped unless special emphasis or clarity is needed.  In CG, as you have seen, the verb uses the 3rd person singular form for all persons, along with the appropriate subject pronouns.

The direct and indirect object inflected forms (DO: mo, to, lo, no, vo, zo;  IO: me, te, le, ne, ve ,ze) are placed before the infected verb (indirect before direct) or on the end of the "completing" verb with two exceptions:  Addressing the Royal Family and in the Bible and liturgical texts.  In these contexts, object pronouns always go before the main verb. 

One aspect of Govoro that lies somewhat "overlapping" the two forms, is adverbials.  In short, an adverbial is an adverb form of a noun or verb (i.e., with an added/substituted -e on the end of the word): e.g. ce udano "on Mondays" is udane as an adverbial.  Another form that varies from person to person is an adverbial of a verb participle.  The use of these will be explored further in future lessons.  

In general, the "higher" the language, the more likely adverbials are used when the sense allows, although some people use them in both CG and HG.  Note that in time expressions, adverbials are very commonly used even in Colloquial Govoro. 

Some forms used in High Govoro are also used in the colloquial language with no particular deference intended;  mainly the first person singular forms of verbs and direct object forms of pronouns.  Direct  object pronoun inflected forms are mostly used by people whose native language is one of the Romance languages, but not the indirect ones.  A prepositional phrase is always used for IOs in CG.  The verbal suffix -ni is by far the most used form of HG in CG, almost to the extent that the only time the CG form is used is with foreign learners.

Seden - week

Udan - Monday
Dudan -  Tuesday
Cedan - Wednesday
Padan - Thursday
Pidan - Friday
Xabat - Saturday
Levaden - Sunday
Sezon - Season
Vesan - Spring
Letan - Summer
Jesan - Fall
Ziman - Winter

Mi zukar vien xe anagari udan.  I will visit you (on) next Monday. (HG: Vo zukani xe anagari udan)
Mi nu canezar xe levadeno.  I don't work on Sundays. (HG: Nu canezar levadene).
En ziman, mi ulasar heme.  In winter, I stay home.  (HG: Zimane, ulasani heme)

It will be noted that a one-time action described as taking place ON a specific day or AT a specific time will always use a prepositional phrase, whereas actions described as taking place e.g. on MondayS or in the afternoon (meaning every or regularly in the afternoon) will use an adverbial. 

In future lessons, the questions will sometimes be in HG, while the answers will always be written in CG.

1.  Kutam ici potar zuka vien (zukavo)*, Herik? Xudane (Xe xuti udan) kaj xu-cedane isto celi matine levani heme.  
2.  Kutam ti liter (litejki) tutu pevajinen?  Lo liteni nur unufoje, xe agari seden.
3.  Ci ti esar pize ajanki?  Anu, esani ajanki xutu foj kutam isedani ise mui hus.  
4.  Kutam vi idanar senkoma ku nien?  Idanani ebe xe anagari cedan.
5.  Kuten ti delar xe padan en sa ser (or xe sa padani ser)?  Jedani, ke idani por luta sa pevaden.
6.  Kuten ti deler xe sa agari levadan en sa ser?  Xe sa levadani ser, ulaseni atame heme, kutel delani xulevadane.
7.  Ci vi nu ganeber zuken xe sa ajdeni matin?  Anu, mui tadik mo zuker kaj li denkomer xe mi ku mui kuz, Pawlo. 
8.  Kutu zukar tutu ikoroden xucedane?  Mui velin deler tuten, oti li kerar moga tutu boni covekien.
9.  Ci sa patik de tutu joso nu utoter efoje?  Anu, li utoter kaj sa joso esanku jo juni por juxe canezada.
10.  Kutu zogar zien isto sa celi den?  Esanku en sa kenun ate sa ser kaj tutam zui patin juxe iderer hemene.  
11. Kutam tui velik esar zukevi?  Li esar sor panize zukevi, ale ebe ti lo potir (this is the usual form even in HG because of the difficulty of pronouncing "potijki") zuka utam xe sa dudani ose pidani ser. 
12.  Ci ti juxe idaner en sa padan ose pidan?  Anu, idaneni en sa dudan, kaj li nu eser heme.   

 

*In order of least to most colloquial this sentence can have the following variations:

Kutam ici potar zuka vien? ("full" CG)

Kutam ici potar zuka-vo? (note:  in this form, the stress is on the "u" of "zukavo")

Kutam ici vo potar zuka?  ("full" HG)

 

Dudeci leson (20th lesson)

idana to come
amovi silent
apere below, down there (loc)
arisa  to guard, watch over
bajula  to carry
bed  sheep
betun  chapel
bom  tree
bomal  forest
duma  to think, ponder
ebe  possibly, perhaps, maybe
eqesa to spurt, gush
eraq - spring, fount
Ibe  about, concerning (esper. pri)
imbe around (surrounding)
ipere  up, above, up there (loc)
iperida  to go up
jam already
jaza  to understand
jek earth
jo  too, too much
job grave, tomb
jobal cemetery
jop  way, road, path
kamin stone
kan  dog
ket field
ikoma  to feed
ikomaj  shepherd
ikomun  pasture-land
kutura  to cultivate
lita  to hear
luta  to listen (to)
muzik  music
nema  to take
niman  attention
nimana to pay attention
nun  now
por for, in order to
rad  joy
sona  to sound (intrans)
sonora  to ring (intr)
sonoril  bell
tal  valley
tanda  to (be) stand(ing)
tel end, limit
tota  to die
utam  some day, at some time
utu  someone, somebody
vezi fresh
xutu  each, every one
zapere  below, down there (direc)
zipere  up, up there (direc)

 

 

                                                          EN SA TAL

 

En sa tal esar ligi vikelo sor ajandis. Imbe sa viko esar sa keto, kute sa coveko zanecar por kutura sa jeken.  Esar toxe bomal kaj ikomuno engus ta gor.  Sa gor esar hanoxi.  Ki esar sore gorel.  Ipere, su sa gorel tandar betun.  Imbe sa betun esar sa jobal.  En sa jobal esar fili jobo ku kamino kaj bomelo.

  Sa betun kaj sa jobal esar cele tanamis su sa gorel.  Apere, su sa ikomun, xe sa tel de sa bomal, xeni eraq iseqesar ise sa jek bade kamino.  Sa ner esar vezi, sifi, kaj javidebi.  Juni nab idanar pize beba tute.  Li esar ikomaj, li ikomar beden, kaj li imar toxe kanen, por arisa zien, an zi kurar jo zanguse.  Sa nab esar radi kaj li pevar fese.  Tobane, li kalitar muziki sonen.   Sa anovi sonorilo de sa betun sonorar avite kaj fanese.  Li mevar en pevad kaj lutar.  Toxe li litar fanesi pevaden.  Li kavidar anguse su sa jop zu sa gorel fili covekien, kutus ziperidar avite.  Sa nab katandar: Utu toter en sa tal, kaj ici bajular lien zipere zuen sa jobal.  Ebe sa bakaj toter oti li eser sor janki isto sa telosi deno.  
Sa juni nab dumar ibe lui ikorod, lui ifano.  Li toxe dumar ibe sa tot.  Esar jam fili jobo imbe sa betun, ale xutu coveks ajpere en sa tal, xutus aidor utam zuen sa jobal.  Toxe li, sa juni nab, kutu pevar fese isto sa celi den, ici nemor lien zutute.  Kutam?  Li dumar fade ibe tuto.  Nun sa sonoril katiamar, sa coveko jam nu esar videbis su sa jop.  Ebe zi nun esar en sa jobun.  Su sa ket, sa bedo atame ikomar kaj sa kanel kurar imbe zi.

 

                                                                    SA BETUN

            Ipere tandar su sa gor
            Sa tanami betun
            En sa tal, xe sa eraq,
            Fese pevar komizaj.

             Sonorad, totupevad
             Nun kasonar ja sa tanamus.
             Mever nab en pevad
             Kaj lutar ku niman.  
    
            En sa jobal de sa gorel
            Ise sa tal xutu idanor.
            Toxe vien, O komizajen, 
            Ici a tute utam nemor.

 

 

 

            A.   CI (WEATHER?  YES?  NO?)

 

    1.  Ci esar fili huso en sa tal?  Nu, tute esar nur afili huso, oti esar nur ligi veliko. 
    2.  Ci sa gor esar hoxi?
    3.  Ci sa jobal esar en sa tal?
    4.  Ci sa betun imar xeni sonorilien?
    5.  Ci sa betun esar xeni?
    6.  Ci esar utu en sa jobal?
    7.  Ci sa ner de sa eraq esar boni?
    8.  Ci ici potar vida ja sa ner?
    9.  Ci sa ikomaj esar ajuni?
    10.  Ci sa nab liter sa sonoraden?
    11.  Ci li dumar ibe sa vis, kutu toter?

 

            B.  KUTU (WHO?  WHICH?)

   

1.  Kutu tandar engus ta eraq?
2.  Kutu ziperidar zu sa betun?
3.  Kutu alasar ajpere en sa tal?
4.  Kutu toter en sa tal?
5.  Ibe kutu dumar sa nab?
6.  Kutuen ici alasar zu sa jobal?
7.  Kutuen ici toxe utam nemar zuen joben?
8.  En kutu hus dalar sa bakaj?
9.  Kutu sonorilien liter sa nab?
10.  Kutu neren li bebar pize?
11.  Su kutu jop sa coveko ziperidar?

 

            C.  KUT(O)?  (WHAT?)

 

1.  Kut esar en sa tal?
2.  Kut esar su sa gor?
3.  Kut esar imbe sa betun?
4.  Kut esar en sa jobal?
5.  Kuten delar sa komizaj?
6.  Kuten li arisar ku sa kan?
7.  kuten li kaliter?
8.  Ibe kuto li dumar?
9.  Kut iseqesar ise sa jek?
10.  Kuten li bebar pize?
11.  Kut esar su sa jobo.

 

        D.  KUTEL?  (HOW?) 

1.  Kutel pevar sa komizaj?  Li pevar sor fese?
2.  Kutel pevar sa coveko su sa jop?
3.  Kutel esar sa betun?
4.  Kutel esar sa jobal?
5.  Kutel sonorar sa anovi sonorilo?
6.  Kutel lutar sa nab?
7.  Kutel esar sa ner de sa eraq?
 

        E.  KUTAM?  (WHEN?)

 

1.  Kutam pevar sa juni komizaj?
2.  Kutam li imever pevaden?
3.  Kutam sa bakisto eser ajanki?
4.  Kutam li toter?
5.  Kutam ici alasar sa coveko zuen sa jobo?
6.  Kutam ici nemor sa nab en sa jobal?
7.  Kutam sa nab eser fanesi?

 

        F.  KUTE?  (WHERE?) 

1.  Kute tandar sa betun?
2.  Kute sidar sa nab?
3.  Zukute idar sa coveko de sa tal?
4.  Kute esar sa bomal?
5.  Kute iseqesar sa eraq?
6.  Kute kurar sa kan?
7.  Kute komar sa bedo?
8.  Kute esar kamino kaj bomelo?
9.  Kute pevadar sa coveko?
10.  Kute esar sa vikelo?
11.  Kute sa nabel vider sa covekien?
12.  Zukute ici nemor xutuen utam?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Devnefi leson (19th lesson)

Sa xat esar en sa domat.  The cat is in the room.
Li idar zuen sa domat.  The cat goes into the room.
Li sidar su sa tab.  The cat is sitting on the table.
Li lamar a su sa tab.  He jumps onto the table.
Isida To put (something somewhere)
Nut(o)  Nothing.
Naliva  to pour

1.  Kute ti kurer?  Mi kurer en sa kip ku ali ifano.
2.  A kute ti kuror?  Mi kuror a en sa hus, an ti kerar.
3.  Ci sa xat esar en sa domat?  Nu, li lamer a en sa kip ja mui husok.
4.  Ci tui husok esar sor hoxi?  Nu, li esar sor hanoxi, oti mui domat esar su sa jekipator.
5.  Ci ti imar cajen en tui pojel?  Nu, herik, ti esir xire zeki, an ti isidir cajen a en li.
6.  Kuten ti naliver a en tui potir?  Mi naliver nuten a en mui potir, sed mi isidir piven a en sa tui.
7.  Ci ti nu kerar beba piven?  Nu, mui amiko, mo maj ravar, an ti nuten isidir a en mui potir, isto mi esar en ali domat.
8.  Ci ti vider sa xeni, novi sidilen, kutuen ganeber mui tadik?  Nu, mi lien nu vider, oti mi nu ider a en lui domat.
9.  Kutel ti poter mova tutel zaneke a tutu herik?  Mi nu kerer esa zaneki, mi sole cuter.
10.  Kutam ti idanor a en mui kenunel?  Mi axar, ke mi potor idana ojdene, oti mi imor zaten osti sa miaz.
11.  Kutom de zat ti kurer ajmatine?   Mi kurer fadi zaten kaj, kutam mi idaner a en sa kenunel, mi nu poter mova.
12.  Ci ti nu axar, ke esir file ma bone, an mui ifanin nu idanir ku mi a su sa ulic, oti li nu exar cele bone?  Esir niste ma bone, an li alasir en sa hus;  li potor vida sa cezaden, de unu ise ta husoko de sa komud.

Lo naxekar Kristen!  Rumizu Lien!!
Christ is born!  Glorify Him!!

Decofti leson (18th lesson)

Unlike Esperanto, Russian, German, and other languages, the accusative is NOT used as an indicator of direction.  In other words, "I am going into the house" (which in the other languages, "house" would appear in the accusative/objective case), the Govoro equivalent is "mi idar A en sa hus"  "I am going to in the house".

Also, in contrast to Esperanto, Govoro does not allow for prepositions to be replaced by the accusative:

Mi alasar isto despin deno.  I will stay (during) 15 days.
Li ider a Pariz.  He went to Paris.
Tuto kostar po ce dolaro.  That costs (at the rate of) 3 dollars.
pakua - to obey

1.  Kutom de deno ti alaser su sa gor?  Mi alaser tute isto dec deno.
2.  Kutom de deno ti alasor en nui hus?  Mi axar, ke mi potor alasa nu maj cem po ce deno.
3.  Ci ti idor ojdene a London?  Nu, herik, mi nu idor a London, oti mi nu imar zaten por tuto.
4.  Ci ti tiger sole dum pin sedeno xe tui tadik?  Nu, mi tiger xe li file ma fadi zaten.
5.  Kutom kostar atutu buk?  Atutu kostar sole duoni dolaren.
6.  Kutom de zat ti kerar alasa en nui vik?  Mi nu kerar alasa ma cem par sedeno.
7.  Kute ti eser?  Mi eser en London.
8.  A kute ti idar?  Mi idar a Pariz.
9.  A kute kurar atutu xat?  Li kurar a sa kenun.
10.  Ci ti toxe idar a tute?  Anu, mo nadar ida a tute xobe vida mui kimen, kutu kenar sa ifanien.
11.  Kutel ti deler tui canezen?  Mi kien cele nu deler, oti mo nader ida a Berlin kaj alaser tute dum du fadi sedenien.
12.  Kutam ti kien delor?  Mi delor kien kutam mi amor majej de zat.
13.  Kutel ti exar, Herin?  Mi exer jankeli ejdene, Herik, sed ajdene mi axar, ke mi potor ida a sa jad.
14.  Ci esar niste, ke sa josik de tutu herik idar tutel vite a sa vik?  Anu, esar niste, oti li kurer isto sa tutu zat.

Leson defsep (17) / Defsepi leson

Ordinal numbers ("first", "155th" etc.) are created simply by adding -i to the numeral or variant thereof (third = cevi; eighth = ofti):  unui first;  sat pidec pini 155th.

FRACTIONS are formed by adding -on:  a half, duon;  a quarter, paron;  9/10, nef decono.

MULTIPLES are formed by adding -ol:  double, duoli;  times 4, parole;

DISTRIBUTIVES add -ope:  by twos, duope.

Any of the above can be made into adjectives, adverbs or nouns by the usual derivational rule for creating adjectives, adverbs and nouns:  devduo, dozen;  unue,  firstly, in the first place; duone,  by halves.



Unui,  first                    
Ceve,   thirdly
Dui,   second
Duo  duet
Cedec sisi 36th.
Sa satolo,   the hundred-fold
Cevon,  a third.
Po dec sento po xutu,  at the rate of 10 cents for each one (note the preposition used in Govoro)
Decon,  a tenth
Duoni mel,  a half an apple (lit; "a half apple"), can also be expressed as duon de mel.
Duoli,  double
Parole,  quadruply
Unue,  Firstly
Telosi,  last
Celi,  whole, entire
Devduo de ajo,  a dozen eggs.
zuka  to visit
jokala  to invite

ganeba- to receive

1.  Kutu esar sa unui en tui kenunel?  Mui amik, Pawlo, esar pize sa unui.
2.  Kutomi ti esar?  Mi esar sa decunui, ale nu sa telosi.
3.  Ci ti idanor peva ku ni ajsere?   Anu, sed unue mo* nadar serkoma.
4.  Kuten ti delor ojdene?  Ojdene mi unue matinkomor, due mi idor a sa jad, ceve mi zukor vien kaj pare, mi jokalor vien xobe (in order to) denkoma ku ligi kimo.
5.  Ci ti ganeber boni melen?  Mi nu ganeber celi melen, sed nur duonen.
6.  Kutom de melo ti imar?  Mi imar par melien kaj ce parono de mel.
7.  Ci ti beber celi pojelen de caj?  Nu, mi ec nu beber paronen de mui caj.
8.  Kutom esar sa decol de pin?  Ki esar pidec.
9.  Kutom esar satole ce parono?  Ki esar sedec pin.
10.  Kutu eser en tui kip ejdene miaze?  Ni imer tute decon de zeki herinien, xutus kimo de mui velin.
11.  Ci vi cele deler vui canezen?  Nu, Herik, mi kien sole duone deler.
12.  Ci ti poter koma tutu kuken kaj tutu melien? Nu, sa kuk eser duone komebi, ale sa melo eser cele nukomebis.
13.  Kutu movar sa je fanade ejsere?  Mi axar, ke tui patik mover je fanade; xutu ali heriko mover cevole maj fade cem li.
14.  Kutom ti gebor a tutu infaniko ju zui canez?  Mi gebor a xutu po dec sento.



* "nada" means "to have to" but is an ergative verb, meaning the "logical subject"(the person on whom the obligation falls)  is in the ACCUSATIVE case and not the nominative:  mO nadar: I have to....;  vO nadar, you all have to.....

Leson defsis (16) / Defsisi leson

CARDINAL NUMBERS are invariable:

1,  unu,  2  du,  3  ce (combining form:  cev-),  4  par, 5 pin,  6  sis,  7 sep,  8 of,  9  nef,  10 dec                         

The numerals between 12 and 17 and also 19  have modifications to the "10" component:  11  decunu,   12 devdu, 13 defce,  14  dexpar,  15 dexpin,  16 desis,   17 desep,  18  decof,  19 denef.

The numerals 40, 50, etc, again, have modifications for the tens place number:    dudec, cedec, padec, pidec, sidec, sedec, odec, nedec.  

The numerals 400 -  900 have the same modification in the hundreds place as 40 - 90 have in the 10s place:  200  dusat,  300  cesat,    400  pasat,    500   pisat,   600  sisat,   700  sesat,   800  osat,   900  nesat

1000  mil

Numerals between the multiples (below 999) are created by simple juxtaposition of the elements:  56   pidec sis,   437  pasat cedec sep,  7261  sep mil dusat sidec unu.  As can be seen by this past example, "mil" is usually written separately from the number that modifies it, even though, according to the rules, it should be attached to the numeral preceding it.

"million" is "bin"

And finally, "-ole" meaning "multiplied by"causes no modifications since it starts with -o-:  duole par esar of.   2 x 4 is 8.

Kutom de jelo?  How many years?
Kutom esar cevole par?  How much are 3 times 4?

Kutomi esar sa cas?  What time is it?  (Which"th" is the hour?)
Esar sa pari cas.     It's four o'clock ((it) is the fourth hour).
Esar sa pari cas kaj despin.  It's 4:15.


1.  Kutom da ifano imar sa jodaj?   Li imar par infanien.
2.  Kutom da ifano idar a nui kenun?  Sat cedec unu idar a nui kenun.
3.  Kutom da ifaniko kenar sa kenaj?  Li kenar pidec ce ifanien.
4.  Ci esar ma file ifanino?  Anu, ni imar sedec of ifaninien en sa kenun.
5.  Kutom da ifanino esar en xuti kenunel?  Esar padec en unu kenunel kaj cedec of en sa ali.
6.  Kutom esar despin kaj cedec du?  Ki esar padec sep.
7.  Kutom esar sepole dudec?  Ki esar sat padec.
8.  Kutom esar devduole nef?  Ki esar sat of.
9.  Kutom esar sepole pidec ce? Ki esar pin mil cesat.
10. Kutom de kenajien imar tui tadik?  Li imar ce kenajinien, du dinajinien kaj unu kipaj, kuto esar sis dinajien.
11.  Kutom de jado vi vidar?  Mi nu vidar filisen; mi axar, ke mi vidar dudec jadien.
12.  Kutom de coveko esor xe vi ojdene?  Ni imor ojdene xe ni cedec herinien kaj dudec of herikien.